Which nations have been represented by the "GOAT" symbol? Just Greece? Who was the little goat horn that became great? Just Antiochus Epiphanes? What was the Abomination that desolated Jerusalem? Merely a statue of Jupiter Olympus? Was there more than one fulfillment historically? What do these fulfillments have in common? When were the 1260, 1290 and 1335 "days" fulfilled? What is meant by the 2300 "days"?

There have been at least FOUR abominations that have desolated Jerusalem and the Temple so far in history. They have all had similarities with eachother even though the first was Greek, the second Roman, the third Moslem and the fourth was called Christian. As Ecclesiastes 1:9 says, "The thing which has been, it is that which shall be." History DOES repeat itself and we follow the historicist interpretation of prophecy.

Daniel 11:31 says that "forces will rise up to desecrate the Temple and will abolish the daily sacrifice. Then they will set up the ABOMINATION that causes DESOLATION.

In order for this prophecy to be fulfillfed again, the Jerusalem Temple must be rebuilt.

Turn to Daniel 11, verse 31 which says, "His armed forces will rise up to desecrate the temple and will abolish the daily sacrifice. Then they will set up the abomination that causes desolation."

The first Abomination that Desolated the Jews was the Greek Antiochus Epiphanes which adds up to 666 in Greek. Antiochus came from the Seleucid horn of this Greek Empire. The FOUR CONTEMPORANEOUS rulers were Lysimachus, Cassander, Seleucus and Ptolemy. Following their victory over the Persians at Salamis, the union of Greek states was headed by FOUR different states in SUCCESSION, namely Athens (477-404 B.C.), Sparta (404-376), Thebes (371-362) and finally Macedonia after 360 B.C.. His Greek armies took away the Temple furnishings, broke them in pieces and carried them off to their own country. Identifying himself with Jupiter, he sacrificed a pig to Jupiter Olympus and sprinkled PIG'S blood in the Holy of Holies (1 Macc.6:7; 2 Macc.6:2; Ant.12:5:4; 12:7:6).. He placed a statue of himself as Jupiter Olympus on one of the FOUR HORNS of the BRASS altar (Dan. 9:27) in the Jerusalem Temple. There were exactly FOUR BRASS HORNS corresponding to the FOUR HORNS of the shaggy goat and the belly and thighs of BRASS. Antiochus "had sent letters ... unto Jerusalem ... that they should forbid burnt offerings ... profane the sabbath and festival days: and pollute the sanctuary ... set up altars ... of idols and sacrifice swine's flesh and unclean beasts ... leave their children uncircumcised, and make their souls abominable with all manner of uncleanness ... forget the law ... whosoever would not do according to the commandment of the king ... should die.... so they ... drove the Israelites into secret places ... And wherever was found with any the book of the testament ... they ... put him to death.... Howbeit, many in Israel were fully resolved ... not to eat any unclean thing." (1 Macc. 1:41-62). The last true daily sacrifice took place on the 24th of Kislev. The pagan sacrifices began the next day on the "twenty-fifth day of the ninth month" (1 Macc.4:54) involving 'revelry ... and ... offerings" on the "king's brithday" (2 Macc. 6:7) reminding us of December 25th idolatry when most churches put an image of a long-haired Zeus-like savior on a cross in their churches and worship a tree by giving it presents. The Jews were also forced to celebrate the "festival of Dionysus" in the Spring which was very similar to the Easter fertility celebration (2 Macc. 6:7). Antiochus persecuted Jews for 2300 days from Sivan 171 B.C. when the legititmate high priest was murdered till Kislev 24, 164 B.C. Josephus mentions "three years and six months" in Daniel 12:7. See Wars of the Jews, ch. 1, par.1, verses 1-2 (167 to 165 B.C.).

A second Abomination that Desolated was Mohammed. (The name Mohammed or Meometis adds up to 666 in Greek.) Apart from Antiochus, "another force will stand up and defile the sanctuary" (Daniel 11:31). Upon Mohammed's death in 632 A.D., the FOUR CALIPHS in SUCCESSION assumed leadership of the Islamic people. Known as "the Rightly Guided Caliphs,' they were named Abu Baker, Omar, Othman, and Ali. Also there are FOUR Muslim DENOMINATIONS that exist CONTEMPORANEOUSLY: the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii, and Hanbali. These were also FOUR HORNS of the shaggy goat. Then Moslem armies of the Umayyad Caliphate built the Dome of the Rock abomination in the place where the temple once stood in 691 A.D.. From the rise of this "King of the South" starting with the Hegira in 622 A.D., 1260 solar years brings us to 1882 when the British occupied Egypt (Dan. 12:7). From 732 A.D. when the Arabs reached their zenith and Charles Martel stopped the Arab advance at Tours until 1882 is 1150 years or 2300 evenings and mornings. From 661 A.D. when the Umayyad Caliphate began to reign till 1922 when the Sultan of Turkey abdicated and Kemal took over is 1260 years.

The Turkish Caliphate came from Bagdad -- There were FOUR CONTEMPORANEOUS SULTANATES of Turks bordering on the Euphrates. They were Bagdad, Damascus, Aleppo and Iconium. They correspond to the four angels and four horns of the brass altar (Rev. 9:13-14) (or belly and thighs of brass). They also correspond to the "four notable horns" of the shaggy goat (Dan. 8:8,22). There were also FOUR great WAVES of Turkish hordes that poured into Greek Europe in SUCCESSION over a period of 400 years and four SUCCESSIVE CAPITOLS: Sögüt (1299–1326), Bursa (1326–65), Edirne (1365–1453) and Istanbul (1453–1922). Turks came from Chorassan -- the Seleucid horn. Togrul Beg of the Seljukian Dynasty made his capital at Seleucia which he called Bagdad.The city of Bagdad was founded in 767 A.D. and the original Bagdad Mosque was built in 767 A.D. If we add 2300 evening and morning sacrifices to this date (or 1150 years), we get December 9, 1917 when the Turks lost Jerusalem on Kislev 24 once again. The Turks gave up the city without a shot being fired thinking that "Lord Allenby" was a fulfillment of a prophecy of a "Man of Allah." "Beh" means "man" in Arabic. (Allen - Allah, Beh - man). As Haggai 2:18-19 says, "From the four and twentieth day of the ninth month (Kislev 24) ... I will bless you." It is a strange "coincidence" that Istanbul's freshwater estuary -- the commercial heart of the European side of Istanbul -- the principal harbor for 2000 years -- has a western name of "the Golden Horn," because the horn-shaped waterway reflects the golden sunlight.-- as if linking it to the Greek shaggy goat.

A third Abomination that Desolated the Jews was the Roman Titus. (The name Teitan in Greek adds up to 666.) General Titus was appointed by Nero who was the FOURTH HORN in SUCCESSION after AUGUSTUS. The FOUR HORNS of the shaggy goat again. Nero was the fifth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero). Also, A.D. 69 was known as the "Year of the FOUR Emperors" because rebellion against Nero comes to a head in Spain, where GALBA, believes that Nero is planning to assassinate him; and OTHO, has lost his wife Poppaea to the emperor. In AD 68 OTHO supports GALBA in mounting a rebellion, but events run ahead of them. After Nero's suicide the senators adopt GALBA as emperor. He then makes the serious tactical mistake of adopting someone other than OTHO as his official heir. OTHO uses the praetorian guard to assassinate GALBA early in 69. OTHO is proclaimed emperor. Meanwhile the army on the Rhine has a different idea, acclaiming its own commander, VITELLIUS. His forces move south, meeting and defeating those of OTHO near Cremona in April. OTHO commits suicide. In July VITELLIUS enters Rome as emperor. But the soldiers in the east are equally reluctant to accept, unconsulted, the candidate of another section of the army. In July the legions at Alexandria acclaim VESPASIAN, now commanding the campaign to put down the Jewish revolt in Judaea. These are another FOUR HORNS of the Shaggy Goat.

In Daniel 11:31, instead of, 'And forces shall be mustered by him' (Antiochus) -- an alternative reading says 'apart from him shall arms stand' or apart from Antiochus Epiphanes and his GREEK legions another force will stand up in the Holy land of Palestine and 'defile the sanctuary.' A ROMAN army of Titus.. How can the Roman Empire be both the four-horned shaggy GOAT and also the red DRAGON? Because the Roman Empire had an eastern GREEK capital in Constantinople as well as a western LATIN capital of Rome. The Byzantine half had previously been part of Alexander's Greek empire and eventually became Moslem. In 160 AD, Clement of Alexandria said, "there were 2,300 days from the time that the abomination of Nero stood in the holy city, till its destruction. ... "These 2,300 days, then, make six years four months, during the half of which Nero held sway (till June 9, 68), and it was half a week; and for a half, Vespasian with Otho, Galba, and Vitellius reigned. And on this account Daniel says, "Blessed is he that cometh to the thousand three hundred and thirty-five days." For up to these days was war, and after them it ceased. " (The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2, p. 334). Also, from Cestius Gallus appearing Oct. 66 till the last ditch hold at Masada in 29th May 73 is 2300 days. In February 67 A.D., Emperor Nero of Rome appointed General Vespasian and General Titus to crush the First Jewish Revolt. The first Jewish Revolt had started six months before in August 66 A.D.The time interval from February 67 until August 70 when Herod's Temple was destroyed, is three years and six months (Dan. 12:7). Therefore, Vespasian and his son Titus fought against the Jews for three-and-a-half years (Dan. 7:25; 12:7; Rev. 12:14). The Roman legions carried their UNCLEAN standards, the EAGLE and the SERPENT (both unclean) into the Temple and sacrificed to them in the traditional Roman manner -- an ox, a sheep, and a PIG (unclean) -- hence ABOMINATION. Furthermore, as our Lord said, "when ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with ARMIES, then know that its DESOLATION is near" (Luke 21:20). In 135 A.D. another Jewish revolt was suppressed and Bar Kochbar was slain. No Jew was ever again allowed within sight of Jerusalem, which was razed to the ground, and a new Roman city with a temple dedicated to Jupiter was built in its place. From 63 B.C. when Pompey captured Jerusalem and claimed Judea for Rome, till 1088 A.D. when Pope Urban II (1088) preached the First Crusade and when the "Christianization" of Russia occurred (1088) is 1150 years or 2300 evening and morning sacrifices.

After Titus destroyed the Temple in 70 AD, Hadrian became Caesar from 117 - 138 AD. Hadrian, in 135 A.D. built a Temple of Jupiter on the Temple mount, ordering circumcision to cease and expelling the Jews from Jerusalem altogether. He not only made himself the object of worship in this temple, but made Jerusalem the capital city of the Roman world for the worship of Jupiter. Just as Hitler deceived British Prime Minister Chamberlain in 1938 AD that there would be "peace in our time", so too Hadrian deceived the Jews to believe that he was peacefully rebuilding the Jewish Temple, when in fact he was constructing the world headquarters "Temple of Jupiter". As construction began, the Jews probably even helped in thankfulness and praise to Hadrian. But when the Jews finally learned of Hadrian’s true intent, as did England learn of Hitler’s, they rebelled and a huge war broke out in 132 AD where 85 major Jewish towns were destroyed and 580,000 Jewish men were killed. The false promises of peace of Hadrian and Hitler both resulted in major holocausts against the Jews. Israel came to the promised land with about 600,000 men and they were finally expelled from the land by having about 600,000 men killed by Hadrian. The Temple of Jupiter was completed on the temple mount in 135 AD and was the most important (Jupiter Capitolinus) "Temple to Jupiter" in the world. While the Jews of Hadrian’s time may have been looking for the story of 2 Maccabees conclude with a similar victory for the Jews, Hadrian was likely reminded of the same 2 Maccabees text to make sure the ending was different. Dan 9:27; 11:31; Matt 24:15 and Luke 21:20 are specific prophecies that the "abomination of desolation that will make sacrifice cease" in the Jewish temple which was fully fulfilled in the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD. But Hadrian became a later fulfillment of these same prophecies. The episode occurred in 117 AD with the rise of Hadrian to power. Hadrian built the largest temple of Jupiter in the world in place of the Jewish temple. We know that Hadrian wanted to make himself the object of worship in his Temple to Jupiter in Jerusalem and he set up a statue of himself riding a horse on the Temple mount. Hadrian, in the ultimate act of arrogance and insult to the Jews, placed this horse statue in the precise location of where the Holy of Holies stood from the Jewish temple. Remember Jesus words in Matthew 24:15: "Therefore when you see the abomination of desolation which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand)." Constantine later built the "Church of the Holy Sepulchre" in 325 A.D. and destroyed Hadrian's temple at the same time. Eusebius wrote in 325 AD: "How Constantine commanded the materials of the idol temple (Hadrian's temple to Jupiter built in 135 A.D.), and the soil itself, to be removed at a distance: Nor did the emperor’s zeal stop here; but he gave further orders that the materials of what was thus destroyed, both stone and timber, should be removed and thrown as far from the spot as possible; and this command also was speedily executed. The emperor, however, was not satisfied with having proceeded thus far: once more, fired with holy ardor, he directed that the ground itself should be dug up to a considerable depth, and the soil which had been polluted by the foul impurities of demon worship transported to a far distant place." (Eusebius , The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine, book 3, ch 27). Yet in 400 AD, Jerome says that the statue of Hadrian riding a horse was still standing on the very place of the Jewish Temple.




A fourth Abomination that desolated was the "Christian" Crusaders from Rome who built the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem in 1099 A.D. which still stands today. (Italian Church in Greek adds up to 666). IDOLS of Jesus and Mary are the Abominations in this building. The patriarch of Rome split from the FOUR patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem in 1054 A.D. How can Papal Rome be both the little horn of the FOUR-horned shaggy GOAT and also the little horn of the red DRAGON? Because the Eastern GREEK Orthodox church existed within the Roman Empire and fathered the Roman Catholic Church. From 51 B.C. when Cleopatra of Ptolemy's dynasty took the throne of Egypt and was pro-Roman to 1099 A.D. is 1150 years. It is interesting that Diocletian later divided the Roman Empire into FOUR CONTEMPORANEOUS PARTS called prefectures. They were 1.) the East, 2.) Illyricum, 3.) Gaul and 4.) Italy (Rev. 6:8). Out of one of these four -- namely Italy -- came forth the Papal horn.

The Pagan Greek Empire and Moslem Arab-Turkish Empire form one set of 2300 years. Within the Roman Empire, the Byzantines and Eastern Greek Orthodox/Roman Catholic Church form another set of 2300 years. Each empire has a small and a large fulfillment. Antiochus and Titus fulfill 2300 DAYS persecuting JEWS while Moslems and Roman Catholics fulfill 2300 YEARS persecuting both JEWS and CHRISTIANS. The Dome of the Rock for Moslems and the Church of the Holy Sepulcher for the Catholics and Orthodox are the two Abominations.

Saint-worship, Virgin Mary-worship and superstition accompanied the Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches (Rev. 9:20-21). First the Arabs tormented them, though they did not destroy them politically. Then the Turks were were allowed to overthrow the Greek Byzantine empire after there was no repentance. Other Christians resisted the Moslem heresy and were persecuted.

Just as Antiochus conquered south, east and toward the glorious land, so also did Islam conquer south, east and toward the glorious land. Just as Antiochus persecuted the Greek apostate Jews, so also Islam persecuted idolatrous Greek Christians. Just as Antiochus placed an idol of Zeus and a pig on the altar, so Islam placed the Dome of the Rock on the Temple mount. Just as Greece and Islam's desolation lasted 2300 years according to Daniel 8:14, so Antiochus's desolation lasted 2300 days. Just as Allenby conquered Jerusalem from Turks in Kislev 24, 1917, so also the Maccabbees conquered Jerusalem from Greek Antiochus in Kislev 24, 165 B.C.. Both thereby fulfilling Haggai 2:18-19: "From the four and twentieth day of the ninth month (Kislev 24) ... I will bless you." Just as Charles Martel ("the Hammer") defeated the Arabs against enormous odds in 732 A.D. at Tours, so the Jewish Judas Maccabeas ('the Hammer") defeated the Syrians against enormous odds in 165 B.C.. Just as Antiochus came before Christ's first coming, so also the Anti-Christ will come before Christ's second coming (Matt.24:15) and be a fifth Abomination.

Just as Titus persecuted the Jews who rejected Christ, so also Papal Rome persecuted Christians who rejected the law and Jews who rejected Christ. Just as Roman soldiers placed a golden eagle idol and a pig abomination on the altar, so Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox crusaders built the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in the old city of Jerusalem containing idols of Mary and Jesus and corpse abominations. Just as Pagan-Papal Rome will last 2300 years, so Titus lasted 2300 days.

Whereas Daniel 8 skips over the intervening years from Alexanders four generals until the rise and fall of Islam, chapter 11 continues the story of the king of the north and south in greater detail until the First World War.
1 And in the first year of Darius the Mede, I took my stand to support and protect him.
This prophecy was written in 538 B.C. in the time of Cyrus king of Persia (Dan. 10:1).
2 "Now then, I tell you the truth: Three more kings will appear in Persia, and then a fourth, who will be far richer than all the others. When he has gained power by his wealth, he will stir up everyone against the kingdom of Greece.
The first was Cambyses, who was the son of Cyrus [at the time this vision was given, Cyrus was king of Persia]; the second was Pseudo-Smerdis, and the third Darius Hystaspes. These kings reigned from about 529 to 485 B.C. The fourth king was Xerxes, who was rich and attacked Greece in 480 B.C.. His navy was defeated by the Athenians at the Battle of Salamis and he withdrew. The Greek states then became united. Xerxes reigned from 485 to 465 B.C. Herodotus talks about his vast wealth and greatness.
3 Then a mighty king will appear, who will rule with great power and do as he pleases.
Alexander the Great defeated the Persians at Battles of Granicus (334), Issus (333) and Arbela (331).
4 After he has appeared, his empire will be broken up and parceled out toward the four winds of heaven. It will not go to his descendants, nor will it have the power he exercised, because his empire will be uprooted and given to others.
After the death of Alexander the Great his kingdom was divided up among his four successors, not one of whom was his posterity. Cassander ruled Macedonia and Greece (west); Lysimachus ruled over Thrace (north); Seleucus ruled over Syria (east); Ptolemy ruled over Egypt (south). Four winds. Alexander's family became extinct. [Alexander was not yet born when Daniel wrote these verses]. Of Alexander's four kingdoms, only two are mentioned because they fought over Palestine. The King of the North and King of the South. Seleucids of Syria and Ptolemies of Egypt.
5 "The king of the South will become strong, but one of his commanders will become even stronger than he and will rule his own kingdom with great power.
In 315 BC Seleucus the satrap fled Babylon and joined the court of Ptolemy in Egypt where he became a nauarch (naval commander) charged with harassing coastal positions of Antigonus. In 312 BC Seleukos helped Ptolemy to victory over Antigonos' son, Demetrios Poliorketes ('the Besieger'), at the battle of Gaza. He used the confused aftermath of the battle to cover his return to and reestablishment in Babylon. Although there were several attempts to remove him, he was able to maintain control with the aid of the loyal Babylonians. During a brief period of peace with Antigonos Seleukos campaigned in the east, forcing the satraps there to recognize his suzerainty. He also concluded a treaty with Chandragupta Maurya of India who gave him a gift of 500 war elephants. In 305 BC Seleukos proclaimed himself king following the precedent established by his contemporaries: Antigonos, Ptolemy, Kassander and Lysimachos. Disturbed by the growing power of Antigonos in Asia Minor, the Levant and Greece, the latter three kings joined with Seleukos in a defensive coalition. At Ipsos in 301 BC the alliance was successful in defeating and killing Antigonos,
Ptolemy Soter of Egypt (323-285 B.C.) was strong and added to his dominions, but Seleucus Nicator (312-281 B.C.) was even stronger and conquered nearly two-thirds of the vast empire of Alexander the Great. Seleucus Nicator finally seized Syria in 301 B.C.
6 After some years, they will become allies. The daughter of the king of the South will go to the king of the North to make an alliance, but she will not retain her power, and he and his power will not last. In those days she will be handed over, together with her royal escort and her father and the one who supported her.
After a period of fifty or sixty years, an alliance was entered into by means of the marriage of Berenice, daughter of the king of Egypt, with Antiochus Theos, the king of the north. Antiochus divorced his wife Laodice and disinherited her two sons, sending them all to Ephesus. Berenice brought an enormous dowry with her. The marriage took place and a son was born. But in 246 B.C. Ptolemy her father died. The plan failed to bring peace between the two kingdoms because after the death of her father, Berenice was rejected by her husband in favor of his former wife, Laodice, who murdered Berenice and her son, her Egyptian attendants, and, no longer trusting her husband, poisoned him also.
7 "One from her family line will arise to take her place. He will attack the forces of the king of the North and enter his fortress; he will fight against them and be victorious.
This refers to Berenice's brother, Ptolemy Euergetes, successor of her father -- "her roots." Ptolemy Euergetes heard of his sister's peril and set out to rescue her. By concealing the fact that she was already dead, he was able to issue letters in the name of the queen of the north saying that he was to be favorably received. Thereby Ptolemy was able to conquer Asia as far east as Babylon. This victory came to nothing, however, because he was suddenly recalled to Egypt to deal with trouble at home.
8 He will also seize their gods, their metal images and their valuable articles of silver and gold and carry them off to Egypt. For some years he will leave the king of the North alone.
This is exactly what Ptolemy Euergetes did. He recovered the gods which in the previous battle had been carried captive. Ptolemy carried 2400 idols into Egypt as spoil. The King of South outlived his rival and peace existed for a time.
9 Then the king of the North will invade the realm of the king of the South but will retreat to his own country.
When Antiochus the Great marched south through Palestine in 219 B.C., Ptolemy Philopater's minister called Sosibius, scared him off by spreading a rumor that a large Egyptian army was awaiting him. He then kept Antiochus occupied with endless peace negotiations, while at home he secretly trained a large army.
10 His sons will prepare for war and assemble a great army, which will sweep on like an irresistible flood and carry the battle as far as his fortress.
11 "Then the king of the South will march out in a rage and fight against the king of the North, who will raise a large army, but it will be defeated.
These are the sons of Seleucus Callinicus, who were determined to avenge their father. Seleucus began preparations for another war but was assassinated and Antiochus the Great took over. Antiochus the Great came to power in 223 B.C. and invaded Syria, Palestine and concluded a treaty. Then renewed war in 217 B.C. and attacked Raphia near Gaza, a fortress on the border of Egypt. Ptolemy Philopater fought Antiochus the Great on the frontier of Egypt at a place known as Raphia, and Antiochus was severely defeated.
12 When the army is carried off, the king of the South will be filled with pride and will slaughter many thousands, yet he will not remain triumphant.
Egyptians annexed Palestine to Egypt, but made a rash treaty with Syria which dissipated the victory. Philopater persecuted thousands of Jews in the city of Alexandria because he was struck with paralysis when trying to enter the the Temple at Jerusalem. The rest of Ptolemy's life was one of debauchery and bloodshed. He murdered his father and mother, his brother, and his wife, and died at last a victim of his own evil ways, leaving his throne to a child five years old.
13 For the king of the North will muster another army, larger than the first; and after several years, he will advance with a huge army fully equipped.
After 14 years, the king of the north returned with a great army to fight against Egypt which had a weak king.
14 "In those times many will rise against the king of the South. The violent men among your own people will rebel in fulfillment of the vision, but without success.
The king of Egypt, Ptolemy Epiphanes, had betrayers among his own following. He was a young man at this time, about 19 years old, and his guardian, the very man set over him to educate and train him, betrayed him; also wealthy Jews who fled to Egypt to build a temple there, rebelled against Egypt when Syria invaded, making an alliance with Antiochus the Great. These Jews were hoping to free themselves from Egyptian rule. These Jews were defeated under Ptolemy. The Egyptian general who caused their defeat was Scopas. He subdued Palestine and placed a garrison in Jerusalem. The vision is found in Isaiah 19:18-25. Also Philip the king of Macedonia entered into an alliance with the king of Syria against this king of Egypt. They agreed to partition Egypt.
15 Then the king of the North will come and build up siege ramps and will capture a fortified city. The forces of the South will be powerless to resist; even their best troops will not have the strength to stand.
Antiochus the Great attacked Egypt in 198 B.C. and defeated Scopas at Panion (near the source of the Jordan), the general who had laid Palestine low, and took the city of munitions, namely Sidon. Antiochus went on to besiege General Scopas in Sidon -- the fortified city -- and, although three famous generals were sent from Egypt to set him free, Scopas was finally forced by famine to surrender. But instead of delivering Palestine from tyranny, the Syrian king merely made himself its master., so that Palestine only exchanged one bad master for another.
16 The invader will do as he pleases; no one will be able to stand against him. He will establish himself in the Beautiful Land and will have the power to destroy it.
All of Palestine under Antiochus the Great.
17 He will determine to come with the might of his entire kingdom and will make an alliance with the king of the South. And he will give him a daughter in marriage in order to overthrow the kingdom, but his plans will not succeed or help him.
In order to appease the anger of Ptolemy Epiphanes, the king of Egypt, he was given Cleopatra, the daughter of Antiochus the Great, for his bride. Cleopatra was then only a child of twelve, and the marriage was not brought about with any good intent, but was designed by Antiochus so that Cleopatra might betray her husband. That was the object of the marriage, but it did not succeed. Cleopatra, instead of falling in with her father's plans, sent an embassy of congratulation to the Romans, the enemies of Syria, and thus the plans of her father with regard to her marriage failed. Cleopatra aided her husband against her father.
18 Then he will turn his attention to the coastlands and will take many of them, but a commander will put an end to his insolence and will turn his insolence back upon him.
When thwarted in this particular design, Antiochus the Great invaded Asia Minor, and made war on some of the Aegean islands of the Mediterranean around Crete and Cyprus, conquering them temporarily; then the Roman consul Acilius, a military leader, defeated Antiochus at Thermopylae in 191 B.C.. Roman General Scipio in 189 B.C. defeated Antiochus overwhelmingly at Magnesia on the west coast of Asia Minor. Finally Antiochus the Great was compelled by Scipio to submit to the most humiliating conditions: pay 15,000 talents and give 12 selected hostages to Rome including his son. This son was afterwards the famous Antiochus Epiphanes.
19 After this, he will turn back toward the fortresses of his own country but will stumble and fall, to be seen no more.
Two years later Antiochus the Great was killed while plundering a temple in Persia. After returning to Antioch -- a fort -- he was murdered at Elymais for plundering temple to pay Roman indemnity.
20 "His successor will send out a tax collector to maintain the royal splendor. In a few days, however, he will be destroyed, yet not in anger or in battle.

At this verse, or even before, there are multiple fulfillment of the prophecy:

The successor of the king of the north was named Seleucus Philopater (king: 187-175), who impoverished the land, chiefly by enormous taxes, in order to have enough money to pay the tribute owing to the Romans. He drained Palestine of as much money as he could. In 2 Maccabbees 3 Seleucus attempted to plunder the Temple. He sent his envoy Heliodorus to the treasury. But the High Priest and the Jews prayed to God. Then "the Sovereign of spirits ... caused a great apparition, so that all who had presumed to come in with him were stricken with dismay at the power of God, fainted and were sore afraid." There appeared to them a horse with a terrible rider, clad in armour of gold, who rushed fiercely at Heliodorus, who was rendered prostrate, bereaved of all hope and succour, and was taken unconscious out of the Temple, which a little while before had been full of terror and alarm, but was now filled with joy and gladness. Heliodorus, humiliated and angry at his futile effort to rob the Temple, vented his wrath against his royal master and treacherously slew "the raiser of taxes," He was poisoned and died in his sleep -- not in open angry battle.

The king of the north is now Caesar Augustus, the first Roman emperor. In 4 B.C., Augustus sent out an "exactor" by ordering a registration, or census, most likely to learn the size of the population for purposes of taxation and conscription in the army. Because of this decree, Joseph and Mary traveled to Bethlehem for registration, resulting in Jesus' birth (Micah 5:2; Matt. 2:1-12). Augustus left Rome at the end of July. On 19th of August, after a short sickness, while traveling in Campania he died, neither in anger or battle.


21 "He will be succeeded by a contemptible person who has not been given the honor of royalty. He will invade the kingdom when its people feel secure, and he will seize it through intrigue."

Antiochus Epiphanes was nicknamed "Epimanes" by a play on words meaning "madman" for his mad antics beneath the dignity of a king. He would carouse with the lowest of the people, bathe with them in the public baths, and foolishly jest and throw stones at passers-by (Polybius 26:10). Also because he craftily supplanted Demetrius, the rightful heir, from the throne.
This is Antiochus IV Epiphanies (king 175-164) the brother of Seleucus IV and the 'vile person' of Bible prophecy. He bypassed all the rightful heirs to the throne. Seleucus IV son - Demetrius, his sister Cleopatra I of Egypt and her son - Ptolemy VI. He escaped from a prison in Rome where he was being held as a hostage. He returned to Syria and through bribes and corruption got himself into a position of power. Antiochus Epiphanes was not the rightful heir and the kingdom wasn't given to him. The rightful heir was his nephew, the son of the man who had just died. Demetrius, elder son of Antiochus the Great, had been sent to Rome in 176 B.C. as a hostage in exchange fror his uncle Antiochus Epiphanes. Antiochus Epiphanes was at that time a hostage in Rome; and he gained his freedom and the kingdom by bribery, and subtlety, and flattery. He persuaded the King of Pergamum to to conduct him to the throne of Syria with his army. He flattered Eumenes and Attalus of Pergamos to help him and, as he had seen candidates at Rome doing, canvassing the Syrian people high and low, one by one, with embraces (Livy 41:20).

22 Then an overwhelming army will be swept away before him; both it and a prince of the covenant will be destroyed.
He collected armies who quelled foes. All his enemies were overthrown before him, and he turned his attention also to the "prince of the covenant," namely the chief priest of the Temple of Jerusalem, Onias, whom he removed, and replaced by a man named Jesus, the highest bidder for the office, whose name was then changed to Jason, Jason being the Greek form of Jesus, as it was then the fashion to Hellenize everything (2 Macc. 4:7-8).
23 After coming to an agreement with him, he will act deceitfully, and with only a few people he will rise to power.
Antiochus dealt deceitfully with Rome and with the high priest. After Antiochus Epiphanes had made an alliance with Jason the priest, he broke it, and put another priest in his place, one named Menelaus who was a higher bidder (2 Macc. 4:23-27).
24 When the richest provinces feel secure, he will invade them and will achieve what neither his fathers nor his forefathers did. He will distribute plunder, loot and wealth among his followers. He will plot the overthrow of fortresses—but only for a time.
"In the honours he paid to the gods, he far surpassed all his predecessors, as we can tell from the temple of Olympian Zeus at Athens, and the statues round the altar at Delos" (Polybius 26, i, 11). Antiochus Epiphanes gained great provinces, the fattest of the land, Syria and Palestine. He squandered his riches, in large measure even among his very adversaries, in order that by this subtlety and flattery he might win them to his side. He also issued threats and used propaganda. Probably there has been no king in history who has so squandered his riches on every side to gain the goodwill of others. Antiochus tricked and deceived his nephew (Ptolemy VI (181-145)) the king of Egypt. He overran Egypt, something that none of his predecessors were able to do. He took them into his own possession largely because of Ptolemy's own minister's treachery - so much so that in verse 27 they held a peace conference.
25 "With a large army he will stir up his strength and courage against the king of the South. The king of the South will wage war with a large and very powerful army, but he will not be able to stand because of the plots devised against him.
Antiochus Epiphanes versus Ptolemy Philometer whose own people conspired against him. Antiochus Epiphanes reduced Egypt in four campaigns beginning in 173 B.C.
26 Those who eat from the king's provisions will try to destroy him; his army will be swept away, and many will fall in battle.
In 169 B.C. Antiochus invaded Egypt, and Ptolemy Philometer was not only defeated but taken prisoner by Syrians, betrayed by his friends who placed his younger brother on the throne in Alexandria. Conqueror and prisoner are uncle and nephew.
27 The two kings, with their hearts bent on evil, will sit at the same table and lie to each other, but to no avail, because an end will still come at the appointed time.
Antiochus pretended to take sides with Ptolemy against his younger brother, agreeing to restore him to the throne, but his real motive was to leave Egypt weak with two rival kings fighting eachother. They had a splendid banquet, which is recorded in history, and here they talked over matters,, and outwardly appeared to have entered into an alliance of goodwill and fellowship, while all the time they were plotting mischief. Uncle and nephew at banquet table each try to deceive the other. It was to no avail because, for when Antiochus returned home, the two brothers agreed to rule Egypt jointly.
28 The king of the North will return to his own country with great wealth, but his heart will be set against the holy covenant. He will take action against it and then return to his own country.
"On his return from the conquest of Egypt (in 169 B.C.) ... Antiochus marched with a strong force against Israel and Jerusalem. In his arrogance he entered the Temple and carried off the golden altar, the lampstand," and other temple treasures, "and took them all with him when he left for his own country" (1 Macc. 1:20-24). Antiochus persecuted Jews who rejoiced upon hearing false report that Antiochus died (1 Macc. 1:19-20). Antiochus Epiphanes, instead of keeping the peace he had apparently entered into at this banquet, turned all his attention toward Palestine and the Holy Covenant of Israel (2 Macc. 5:21-27). He plundered the Temple of eighteen hundred talents, and through him multitudes of Jews were slain.
29 "At the appointed time he will invade the South again, but this time the outcome will be different from what it was before.
Antiochus made his second expidition against Egypt in 168 B.C. He didn't win as he had won before. King of North returned to Egypt when brothers learn of uncle's treachery. Romans demand withdrawal. Rome makes Egypt a protectorate.
30 Ships of Kittim will oppose him, and he will lose heart. Then he will turn back and vent his fury against the holy covenant. He will return and show favor to those who forsake the holy covenant.
The ships of Kittim (Italy or Greece) were the ships of Macedonia, which had been taken by the Romans in battle, and were now used against Antiochus Epiphanes. Here the ships of Kittim brought ambassadors from Rome. The Roman Senate sent an envoy requesting him to retire from Egypt altogether; but he said that he would require a few days to think it over. Thereupon the envoy took a stick and marked out a large circle on the ground, saying that Antiochus Epiphanes should not leave that circle until he had made up his mind. Antiochus withdrew. Then he returned and helped apostate priests destroy true religion in Palestine. In 167 B.C., Antiochus sent an army under Apollonius to plunder Jerusalem and set up a garrison there (1 Macc. 1:29-40; 2 Macc. 5:24-27). Later that same year he sent an aged Athenian who, aided by those Jews who had adopted Greek customs, finally polluted the Temple by setting up a shrine dedicated to Olympian Zeus and he sacrificed a pig on the altar in the holy place. (1 Macc. 1:41-61; 2 Macc. 6:1-7).
31 "His armed forces will rise up to desecrate the temple fortress and will abolish the daily sacrifice. Then they will set up the abomination that causes desolation.
See Daniel 8:11-14. In 1 Maccabbees 1:37 we read that the army of Apollonius defiled the Temple. Pagan sacrifices were introduced by other agents sent by the king (1 Macc. 1:44; 2 Macc. 6:1-2). An Idol of Jupiter Olympus was set up. In 1 Maccabbees 1:54 we read that after "Antiochus had smitten Egypt, he returned again ... and went up against Israel and Jerusalem with a great multitude. And entered proudly into the sanctuary and took away the golden altar and the candlestick of light, and all the vessels thereof, and the table of the shewbread, and the pouring vessels, and the vials and the censers of gold, and the veil and the crowns ... And when he had taken all away, he went into his own land, having made a great massacre, and spoken very proudly ... many of the Israelites consented to his religion and sacrificed unto idols, and profaned the Sabbath. For the king had sent letters by messengers unto Jerusalem ... that they should forbid burnt offerings ... profane the sabbath and festival days: and pollute the sanctuary ... set up altars ... of idols and sacrifice swine's flesh and unclean beasts ... leave their children uncircumcised, and make their souls abominable with all manner of uncleanness ... forget the law ... and whosoever would not do according to the commandment of the king, he said, should die.... so they ... drove the Israelites into secret places ... And wheresoever was found with any the book of the testament ... they should put him to death.... Howbeit, many in Israel were fully resolved ... not to eat any unclean thing."
But this has a dual fulfillment in the Roman army. Josephus states that on no less than four occassions before the beginning of the Christian era, Roman armies invaded the Temple precincts and polluted the sanctuary (Ant. 14:4:4; 14:7:1; 14:16:3; Wars II:3:2-3). The period of time from the first attack of the Jews upon the Romans at Masada, in May of A.D. 66, to the final resistance of the Jews at Masada in April of A.D. 73, encompassed approximately seven years. The daily sacrifice ceased at about three and a half years into this seven year period. The abomination of desolation was manifested when the Roman armies surrounded the city.( Jamieson, Fausset and Brown, Ibid., The Gospel of Mark, Ch. 13, p. 192).

The ultimate fulfilment occurred in 66-70 A.D. when the Roman Army set fire to the temple. Instead of, 'And forces shall be mustered by him' - an alternative reading says 'and apart from him shall arms stand' or apart from Antiochus Epiphanes and his Greek legions another force will stand up in the Holy land of Palestine and 'defile the sanctuary.' They shall take away the daily sacrifices and place there the abomination of desolation. When Jesus told the disciples to watch for the abomination of desolation from Daniel's prophecy, it occurred 40 years later when the armies of the Roman prince Titus came and burned the city of Jerusalem and the temple to the ground. The gold melted and ran down through the crevices of the bricks so the Roman soldiers tore it down stone by stone to get the gold and the silver out. That fulfilled the words of Jesus when He said there wouldn't be a stone of the Temple left standing one on top of the other. Then to really defile it, Titus, the Roman prince went to the high altar of the Temple, planted the standards of the Roman legions by it and then proceeded to sacrifice a pig on the alter in the Holy of Holies. He fulfilled Daniel 11:31 that he should defile the sanctuary, take away the daily sacrifice and place there the abomination. In 135 A.D. another Jewish revolt was suppressed and Bar Kochbar was slain. No Jew was ever again allowed within sight of Jerusalem, which was razed to the ground, and a new Roman city with a temple dedicated to Jupiter was built in its place.
32 With flattery he will corrupt those who have violated the covenant, but the people who know their God will firmly resist him.
Many Jews reject their covenant with God. But the righteous Jews took part in the Maccabbean Revolt in 166 B.C.. Hebrews 11:35 says, "Others were tortured, not accepting deliverance; that they might obtain a better resurrection." The people who rejected the Covenant, historically according to this prophecy were the Jews of Jesus' day. For 40 years they were given the gospel of repentance, remission of sin etc. preached to them by the disciples and apostles and they rejected it. All through the Book of Acts you'll find the persecution of the early church, even before the Romans persecuted them. Everywhere Paul went the Jews followed and stirred the people up. They stoned them. They beat them. They hounded the servants of God to their death and martyrdom. They rejected Jesus, and God's offer of mercy. Notice that there is a category of people like the ones we find in 2nd Thessalonians and it says that God has blinded their eyes so that they won't even be able to understand the Truth. Once people reject the Truth they give themselves over to a seducing spirit. Other Christians resisted the pagan Roman idolatry and wouldn't sacrifice to the pagan Roman gods and were martyred. Churches were deprived of their places of worship and had their copies of the scriptures destroyed. Also, saint-worship, virgin-worship and gross superstition accompanied the Greek Christian worship (Rev. 9:20-21). First the Saracens tormented them, though they did not destroy them politically. Then the Turks were were allowed to overthrow the Greek empire after there was no reprentance. Other Christians resisted the Moslem heresy and were persecuted.
33 "Those who are wise will instruct many, though for a time they will fall by the sword or be burned or captured or plundered.
Saracens wiped out the African churches in the seventh century. Turks wiped out the eastern churches in the eleventh century

34 When they fall, they will receive a little help, and many who are not sincere will join them.

Jews were victorious in the Maccabbean Revolt. Christians received toleration in Constantine's Edict of Milan in 313 A.D. They were free to worship their own way throughout the empire without persecution. It was fashionable for pagans to adopt the outward forms and profession of Christianity because it was the religion of the emperor. All the pagans came in. Pagan temples and practices were made "Christian."

35 Some of the wise will stumble, so that they may be refined, purified and made spotless until the time of the end, for it will still come at the appointed time.
Among the Jews, Bar Kochbar (son of a star -- Nu. 24:17). Among the Christians, the Arian Heresy and Quarto-Deciman Controversy and the Council of Nicea in 325 A.D. which changed Passover to Easter and The Council of Laodicea in 364 A.D. which changed the Sabbath into Sunday.

36 "The king will do as he pleases. He will exalt and magnify himself above every god and will say unheard-of things against the God of gods. He will be successful until the time of wrath is completed, for what has been determined must take place.
"Above every god" can mean "above every elohim (judge)." The Greek Antiochus did what he pleased until God's anger turned away from Israel. Then when Rome became the king of the north, conquering Syria in 63 B.C., all the Roman Emperors required their subjects to worship and sacrifice to them. After 364 A.D. there were two joint emperors of the the Roman Empire, one reigning in Rome and one in Constantinople. The Byzantine Emperors often allowed the worship of images. But the Roman system culminated in the Pope who did what he pleased and was a king of the north (2 Th. 2:4). The Popes have been guilty of blasphemy
37 He will show no regard for the gods of his fathers or for the desire of women, nor will he regard any god, but will exalt himself above them all.
The Pope doesn't regard God the Father or God the Son. He tries to take the place of both as the "vicar of Christ" and "God on earth." Neither does he regard marriage or sex, because he teaches celibacy (1 Timothy 4:1-3 -- forbidding to marry). This is a dual meaning. Both the Greek and Latin churches discouraged marriage. Furthermore, it was the desire of every Israelite woman to to become the mother of Messiah in fulfilment of Gen. 3:15 and so Messiah is this "desire of women," not Tammuz (Ez. 8:14) who is the false Christ. He doesn't regard any "god" (judge, religious or secular) but instead is head of church and state himself.
38 Instead of them, he will honor a god of fortresses; a god unknown to his fathers he will honor with gold and silver, with precious stones and costly gifts.
He honors the gods of forces or the god that protects (guardian or patron saints) as well as honouring a god hitherto unknown, with gold, silver and precious stones whenever they worship the Host or wafer-god set up in a gold or silver monstrance adorned with precious stones. Both Roman and Byzantine churches worshipped images or icons of guardian saints or patron saints and honored them with gold, silver and precious stones. The worship of the Eucharist, the wafer and the wine, saying they have been turned into the Body and Blood of Jesus. The Council of Trent proclaimed that the belief in transubstantiation is essential to salvation. CHRIST, flesh and blood, is really present. After the bread has been changed into 'Christ' by the priest, it is placed on a monstrance in the centre of a sunburst design. Before the monstrance Catholics bow and worship the little wafer as God, "making the word of God of none effect through your tradition" (Mark 7:13). The Monstrance was and is set in gold and silver and precious stones.
39 He will attack the mightiest fortresses with the help of a foreign god and will greatly honor those who acknowledge him. He will make them rulers over many people and will distribute the land at a price.

Since Arabs arose on the south of Judea and became masters of Egypt while Turks arose on the north of Judea and made Syria a province, it is appropriate to continue to label them respectively the king of the south and king of the north.

Daniel 11:40-45 mentions the "King of the South" (Arab Moslem Empire) conquering "south" (Arabian Peninsula), "east" (Mesopotamia and Persia) and into the "pleasant land" (Syria and Palestine). Professing Eastern Christians were cast to the ground and stamped upon by Moslems. Between 634 and 644 A.D., the Caliph Omar was responsible for the destruction of some 4000 places of Christian worship. Christians under Moslem rule were restricted in their worship, trade, commerce, dress and travel. The Turks entered the "glorious land" but Ammon, Edom and Moab escaped the Ottoman Empire because they were wandering Arab tribesmen who already accepted Islam. Selim 1 left untouched those Arab lands east of Jordan. These lands were not included in the list of countries over which his successor Suliman the Magnificent claimed to rule. Egypt "shall not escape" when in 1516-1517 the Ottoman Emperor Selim I marched into Egypt at the head of an army of 150,000 men and defeated the Mamelukes, and stripped it of its wealth and moved 500 Egyptian families from Cairo to Constantinople. The book 'History of the Ottoman Turks' tells us that 'A thousand camels laden with gold and silver' carried the spoils of war from Egypt to Constantinople.In 1550 the Turks made Libya pay tribute. "All the princes who were before tributary or confederate to the late Sultan of Egypt even to the most mighty king of Ethiopia without delay entered into like subjection with the Turks" (Rycaut's Turkish History1:375). The Libyans and Ethiopians were at his steps. The Greek Empire was desolated by Arab and Turk in its later history. Both started little but became exceedingly great. Arabs came from Mecca and Medina in Arabia and took over Egypt in 640 A.D. to succeed the Ptolemy horn. Turks came from Chorassan -- the Seleucid horn -- and succeeded the Seleucids of the North.

Both the "King of the South" (Arab Moslem Empire) and the "King of the North" (Turkish Ottoman Empire) pushed at "him" -- apostate Christianity -- who has no "desire for women" (in other words celibate), speaks "against the God of gods" (blasphemes), honors the gods of forces or the god that protects (guardian or patron saints) as well as honouring a god hitherto unknown, with gold, silver and precious stones whenever they worship the Host or wafer-god set up in a gold or silver monstrance adorned with precious stones (Dan. 11:36-39). Both Roman and Byzantine churches worshipped images or icons of guardian saints or patron saints.

The Pope "shall exalt himself ... above every god" (11:36). The "King of the North" causes the banks of the Euphrates to "overflow" (Dan. 11:40). Verse 41 should read, "He shall enter also into the glorious land, and many shall be overthrown." (in the Crusades) Gibbon says, "Jerusalem ... soon became the theatre of nations" (Decline 10:375). After the Turks entered into Judea, the Saracen, Turk and Catholic were all successively and alternately overthrown for two centuries as the Crusades ran their course. The "tidings out of the east and north" that "trouble him" are Russia's victories against the Ottoman Empire. From the mid-1700s onward, Russian attacks upon the northeast border of Turkey became increasingly frequent. Turkish armies and navies attacked Russia "with great fury" but unsuccessfully. In 1768, Turkish armies were badly defeated and in 1770 the Turkish navy was obliterated. In 1774 and 1777 more defeats occurred. In 1806 the Russians seized Moldavia and Wallachia, and destroyed another Turkish fleet. In 1826, Turkey surrendered all fortresses in Asia to the Russians. Russia again defeated the Turks in the Crimean War of 1853. During the First World War, the Turkish Empire established its military headquarters in Jerusalem at Mount Zion. He planted the "tents of his army" "between the seas and the glorious holy mountain" (Dan. 11:45). General Allenby drove them out in December 1917. Turks subsequently lost Baghdad, Damascus and Aleppo in 1918 -- three capitals of the pre-Roman King of the North. Deserted by their German allies, the Turks surrendered. He (Turkey) came "to his end and none" helped him (Dan. 11:45). Within six years the Ottoman Emperor had been deposed, the Caliphate abolished and Turkey declared a Republic under Mustapha Kemal. After World War One in 1919 the League of Nations mandated to Great Britain the land of Palestine, Trans-Jordan and Iraq. This "Promised Land" was given to the British "from ... the river Euphrates even unto the uttermost sea shall your coast be" (Deut. 11:24; Gen. 15:18). From the Hegira in 622 A.D. to 1844 A.D. when the Sultan of Turkey issued a Decree of Religious Toleration for Moslems who convert to Christianity was 1260 days (Dan. 12:7). From 622 A.D. till 1912 A.D. when the Balkan War occurred that greatly weakened Turkey is 1290 years. From 634 A.D. when the Caliph Omar, who conquered Jerusalem and established the Arab empire, began to rule, to 1924 when the Islamic Caliphate was abolished was 1290 years (Dan. 12:11). From 632 A.D. when the Caliphate was established to 1922 when the Turkish Ottoman Empire came to an end with the abdication of the Sultan was also 1290 years. From the Hegira in 622 A.D. to the surrender of Jerusalem in 1917 A.D. was 1335 years (Dan. 12:12).

Moslem "Little Horn" Persecutes Jews and Christians for "a time, times, and an half" (Dan. 12:7)

From 610 A.D. when Mohammed received a message from "Gabriel" until 1870 A.D. when Russia denounced the Treaty of Paris and began to rebuild a naval presence on the Black Sea is 1260 years (Dan. 12:7). In 1899 the Mahdi State fell and the British and Egyptians jointly occupied the Sudan -- 1290 years after Mohammed received a message allegedly given by Gabriel (Dan. 12:11). In 1945 World War 2 ended in the Allies' favor -- 1335 years from when Mohammed received his message (Dan. 12:12).

From 622 A.D. when Mohammed fled from Mecca to Medina (the Hegira) until 1882 when Great Britain obtained victory at Tel-el-Kebir, bombarded Alexandria, invaded Egypt and established an English Protectorate in Egypt which was part of the Ottoman Empire is 1260 years (Dan. 12:7). From the Hegira in 622 A.D. to 1844 A.D. when the Sultan of Turkey issued a Decree of Religious Toleration for Moslems who convert to Christianity or Judaism was 1260 lunar years (Dan. 12:7). The Hegira was the turning point in Mohammed's career, transforming him from despised leader of a sect of fanatics to the prince and prophet of his people. In 1912 the first Balkan War occurred in which Turkey lost most of its European territory -- 1290 years after the Hegira. In 1957, the Suez Canal was reopened after Egypt blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba and closed the canal to Israeli shipping. Israel, England and France went to war and reopened the canal -- 1335 years after the Hegira. From the Hegira in 622 A.D. to the surrender of Jerusalem in 1917 A.D. was 1335 lunar years (Dan. 12:12).

From 632 A.D. when Mohammed died and the Caliphate was established until 1892 when the Franco-Russian Treaty gave Russia a free hand with respect to Turkey is 1260 years. In 1922 the Ottoman Empire came to an end and the Sultan abdicated -- 1290 years after Caliphate was established. In 1967 the Israeli Six-Day War was fought and Israel reclaimed Old Jerusalem -- 1335 years after the Caliphate was established.

From 634 A.D. when Omar (the "desolator"), who set up the "abomination" known as the Mosque of Omar, succeeded to the Caliphate, until 1894 when persecution strengthened nationalistic sentiment among Christian Armenians leading to the Sassoun Resistance (1894) is 1260 years. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation also played a significant role in arming the people of the region. The Armenians of Sassoun confronted the Ottoman army and Kurdish irregulars at Sassoun, succumbing to superior numbers. The violence spread and affected most of the Armenian towns in the Ottoman empire. In 1924 the office of Sultan-Caliph was abolished by Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) on March 1924. This is confirmed in Daniel 12:11, being 1290 solar years from 634 A.D., -- 1290 years after Omar became Caliph. In 1969 Golda Meir became Prime Minister of Israel -- 1335 years after Omar became Caliph.

From 637 A.D. when Omar captured Jerusalem until 1897 when the Zionist movement was founded in Basle Switzerland is 1260 years. The idea was for Jews of all nations to settle in the Holy Land. Jews held their first Zionist Congress thereby becoming an organized body politic for the first time since their dispersion. Also in 1897 the Turko-Greek War occurred. The autonomy of Crete was determined by the Great powers. In 637, Omar captured Jerusalem and all Syria and in 638 a wooden mosque was erected on the site of Solomon's Temple, called the "Mosque of Omar." This was later rebuilt in stone and called the "Dome of the Rock." The Patriarch Sophronius said to Omar, "Verily this is the Abomination of Desolation spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the Holy Place." In 1928, Islam was abolished as the state religion of Turkey -- 1290 years after Omar captured Jerusalem. In 1973 the Yom Kippur War occurred and Israel was victorious -- 1335 years after Omar Captured Jerusalem.

From 657 A.D. when Islam divided into Sunni and Shia branches (mostly in Iraq and Iran) until 1917 when Turkey was driven from Jerusalem and Palestine by Great Britain's General Allenby and Lawrence of Arabia is 1260 years. In May 15, 1948 Israel became a nation in a day -- 1290 years after Islam divided in two. The British Mandate ended May 14. After defeating troops from Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan from May 1948 to July 1949, Israel won her independence. In 1993 Prime Minister Yizhak Rabin signed a peace accord with longtime enemy Yasir Arafat, chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organization -- 1335 years after Islam divided in two.

In view of these clear chronological statements of Daniel 11, we must look for the rise of the little horn during the decline of the Roman Empire. Just as the little horn in Daniel 7 arising from the Roman Empire represented the politico-religious power of the of the Roman Pontiffs, the little horn of Daniel 8 suggests the Moslem power that arose within the Greek empire under the politico-religious leadership of the Caliphs.

Roman Abomination desolates Jerusalem for 2300 years

An overview of other 2300-year periods are given below:

509 B.C. Roman Republic established + 2300 = 1792
508 B.C. Creation of position of Pontifex Maximus + 2300 = 1793
493 B.C. Treaty known as the Foedus Cassianum between Latin League and Rome + 2300 = 1808
457 B.C. Aequi win Battle at Mt. Algidus. L. Quinctius Cincinnatus becomes dictator and rescues remaining Roman army. + 2300 = 1844
456 B.C. The plebians of Rome are granted land in the Avenine + 2300 = 1845
435 B.C. Q. Servilius Fidenas excavates a tunnel under the walls of the city of Fidenae in order to capture it + 2300 = 1866
431 B.C. The Aquei are driven from Mt. Algidius by M. Furius Camillus + 2300 = 1870
428 B.C. Rome conquers Fidenae + 2300 = 1873
406 B.C. The city of Anxur is captured by the Romans after a siege + 2300 = 1895
396 B.C. Etruscan town of Veii captured and destroyed by M. Furius Camillus + 2300 = 1905
394 B.C. The Falerii surrender unconditionally to the Romans under M. Furius Camillus + 2300 = 1907
388 B.C. The Aequi are defeated by the Romans at a battle near Bola + 2300 = 1913
386 B.C. The combined Italian tribes, the Latins, the Volscii, and Hernici are defeated by the Romans + 2300 = 1915
384 B.C. + 2300 = 1917
381 B.C. The district of Tusculum is pacified after a revolt against Rome, and conquered + 2300 = 1920
378 B.C. Construction of the permanent Servian Wall, surrounding Rome for ten kilometers + 2300 = 1923
361 B.C Rome captures the city of Ferentinum + 2300 = 1940
354 B.C. Samnites sign a treaty of alliance woth Rome + 2300 = 1947 First Palestinian War (1947-1949). Israel fought against Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon and Syria and won about 1,930 square miles
346 B.C. The Romans defeat the cities of Antium and Satricum + 2300 = 1955 Suez-Sinai (British-French-Jewish)
328 B.C. Etruria and Campania annexed by Rome + 2300 = 1973 Yom Kippur War

An overview of other 1150-year periods are given below:

146 BC Third Punic War; Carthage destroyed. 1150 years later, in 1005, Jerusalem taken by Turcomans who came from Persia. 3000 Christians were massacred.
63 B.C. Pompey captured Jerusalem and claimed Judea for Rome 1088 A.D. + 1150 = Pope Urban II (1088-1099) preached the First Crusade and when the Christianization of Russia occurred (1088).
51 B.C. Cleopatra of Ptolemy's dynasty took the throne of Egypt + 1150 = 1099 A.D. Jerusalem was conquered by the Crusaders and the Church of the Holy Sepulcher was built
31 B.C. The Battle of Actium when Octavian defeated the combined naval fleets of Mark Antony and Cleopatra on 2 September 31 BC to become the undisputed ruler of the Roman world (as the emperor Augustus) + 1150 = 1119 A.D. when Hugues de Payens founds the Order of Knights Templar in Jerusalem is 1150 years. The name came from the fact that their headquarters was on the site of Solomon's Temple. Also in 1119: August 14, Crusaders under Baldwin II were able to stop the advances of Turks under Tel-Danith. In 1120 A.D. the Crusade of Pope Calixtus II to the East and in Spain occurred. Pope Calixtus II, in 1120, issued a papal bull titled Sicut Judaeis in which he forbade the mistreatment of Jews.
37 A.D. + 1150 = 1187 A.D. Saladin-led Islamic forces recapture Jerusalem.
67 A.D. In February, Emperor Nero of Rome appointed General Vespasian and General Titus to crush the First Jewish Revolt. The first Jewish Revolt had started six months before in August 66 A.D. + 1150 = 1217 The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was an attempt to take back Jerusalem.
79 A.D. + 1150 = 1229 Sultan al-Kamil of Egypt gives Jerusalem to Frederick II in a treaty.
94 A.D. + 1150 = 1244 European forces lose Jerusalem for the final time
135 A.D. + 1150 = 1285
637 A.D. + 1150 = 1787
691 A.D. Dome of the Rock built + 1150 = 1841 The British establish the Anglican Church in Jerusalem in 1841 and appoint Alexander, a Jewish convert to Christianity, as the church’s first minister, probably because of the Americans’ desire to convert the Jews to Protestants.

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